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Fig. 1 Induction of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in zebrafish larvae by 2 mM H₂O₂ Zebrafish larvae at 6 h postfertilization (hpf) were exposed to a concentration gradient of H₂O₂ to investigate oxidative stress responses. (n = 20) (A). Body length of zebrafish larvae at 96 hpf. (B). Survival curve of zebrafish larvae from 6 hpf to 5 days postfertilization (dpf). (C). Spontaneous tail-beating frequency of zebrafish larvae within 1 min at 96 hpf. (D). Heartbeat frequency of zebrafish larvae measured within 20 s at 48 hpf and 72 hpf. (E). The expression of the nrf2 gene in 5 dpf zebrafish larvae after treatment with a gradient of H₂O₂ and DPI for 3 h was analysed via RT‒qPCR. (F). ROS are detected by DCFH-DA, which reacts with ROS to produce the fluorescent compound DCF. (G). Zebrafish larvae at 5 dpf (n = 20) were treated with 2 mM H₂O₂ and DPI for 3 h, followed by DCFH-DA staining for 1 h. The fluorescence intensity was observed via a fluorescence microscope and analysed via ImageJ software. (Statistical significance was determined via t tests, with significance levels indicated as follows: ns, p > 0.05; ∗, p < 0.05; ∗∗, p < 0.01; ∗∗∗, p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗, p < 0.0001.)