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Fig. 5 Anti-amnesic effect of Convolvine against Dizocilpine-induced learning impairments in mice: (a), (b) spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze and (c), (d) step-through passive avoidance. Animals received Convolvine (0.1–3 mg/kg IP) 10 min before Dizocilpine (0.15 mg/kg IP), 20 min before the Y-maze session or passive avoidance training session. Retention was measured 24 h after training. (a) Spontaneous alternation percentage and (b) number of arm entries in the Y-maze test. (c) Step-through latency and (d) escape latency during the passive avoidance retention session. Bar graphs show mean ± SEM and individual data in (a), (b) and box-and-wisker graphs show median and interquartile range and individual data in (c), (d). The number of animals per groups were: n = 9–14 in (a)–(d). ANOVA: F(5,56) = 5.880, p = 0.0002, in (a); F(5,56) = 4.002, p = 0.0036, in (b). Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA: H = 32.73, p < 0.0001, in (c); H = 20.39, p = 0.0011, in (d). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 versus (V + V)-treated group; # p < 0.05 versus (V + Dizocilpine)-treated group; Dunnett's test in (a)–(c), Dunn's test in (d)–(f).